Following is a list and synthetical description of several radioisotopes and radionuclide, the effects of which on the organism are known, which are either: produced by nuclear fallout, or naturally produced due to the interaction of the cosmic rays with the atmosphere, or created on the ground for interaction with neutrons, or emitted from nuclear reactors's accidents, or associated with the disposal of nuclear waste.

• Calcium 45 - Emits beta radiations and it clings to bony structures affecting the organs producing the blood's cellular components, i.e., the red and white globules and the blood's platelets. Haemopoiesis, i.e. , the formation of blood cells in the living body and especially in the bone marrow may be affected. The damage from beta particles irradiation to the bone marrow may be irreversible. We have seen that after Chernobyl's nuclear reactor's accident many victims underwent the spine's marrow transplantation since the bone marrow it the source of the blood's cells. However the aforementioned transplantation was useless for most of those who suffered the irradiation survived only a few days .
• Calcium 144 - emits beta and gamma radiations. It concentrates mainly in the liver, spleen and intestinal tract. Following the nuclear tests on the Marshall Islands, it was discovered that significant amounts of calcium 144 together with iron 55 had concentrated on the local ichthyological fauna, of which birds ate, and the excrements were absorbed from the local vegetation thus showing how the radioactive contamination from the fallout may extend itself.
• Carbon 14 - Half-life 5,760 years - Biological half-life [1] 40 days. It emits beta radiations and acts on the whole organism spreading rapidly in the fat tissues, such as skin, brain, nervous fibers and bone marrow. Since the beginning of the nuclear era, carbon 14 radiation has constantly increased. When it decays to nitrogen 14 it emits beta particles which may have noxious effects on the DNA and, hence, possible carcinogenic and mutational effects.
• Cerium 141 and cerium 144 - Half-life respectively 33 and 285 days. Biological half-life 30 - 245 days. Emit beta radiation and selectively affect the gastrointestinal tract and also the bones, spleen and muscles.
• Cesium 136 and cesium 137 - Half-life respectively 14 and 33 years. Biological half-life 11 - 150 days. Emit beta and gamma radiation Similar to potassium they are absorbed from plants which, therefore cannot be easily decontaminated. It can spread in the body with a tendency to concentrate mainly in the muscles, teguments, liver, spleen and gonads and it can cause genetic mutations.
• Cobalt 60 - Biological half-life 10 days. Emits beta and gamma radiation. Besides a particular tropism towards the pancreas it affects the composition of vitamin B12 which is fundamental for the organism. Gamma radiation of cobalt 60 is also used in medical practice for the control of important microorganisms; used also for the pathogenic control of aliments since gamma rays, by giving out their energy to microbes biologically damage them producing hyper-reactive ions and other molecular forms. Used also for the sterilization of biological compounds and equipment, i.e. penicillin and syringes.
• Iron 55 - Half-life 2,6 years. Biological half-life 2 years. Emits gamma radiation and acts on the body as a whole but particularly on the lungs.
• Iodine 129 - Half life 16,000,000 years. Biological half-life 140 days. It concentrates preferably on the thyroid but also in the hypophysis, muscles, liver and ovaries.
• Iodine 131 - Half-life 8 days but, to decay completely it may require over 5 months- Biological half-life 140 days. Emits beta and gamma radiations. It may be assimilated through milk. It accumulates in the thyroid and mainly in children. It can damage or destroy the thyroid gland with consequent growth problems impairing both the physical and mental development and it may cause cancer.
• Krypton 85 - (Gaseous) - Half-life 10,7 years. It emits beta and gamma radiations. It acts selectively on the epidermis, subcutaneous and gonads with a tendency to concentrate if adipose tissues. Its atmospheric concentration is constantly increasing.
• Plutonium 238, 239, 240, 241 - Half-life respectively 86 - 24,360- 6,580 - 13,2 years. Biological half-life 10 - 200 days. They emit alpha radiation and concentrate overall in the lungs where they are lethal if they deposit in a quantity in excess of 3 milligrams due to the radiological destruction of the tissues. A dose inferior to 3 hundredths of a milligram involves a high risk of pulmonary cancer. Traces of PU-239 have been found on the soil of European countries after the Chernobyl's nuclear reactor accident.
• Radon 22 - (Gaseous) - Emits beta radiation, and ends in the bones through several alimentary chains.
• Strontium 89 and 90 - Half-life respectively 51 days and 28 years. Biological half-life 4 years. Emit beta and gamma radiation and. Similar to calcium, they enter the organism mainly through milk besides meat, vegetables and water. They deposit in the the lungs, intestines, gonads and in the bones where, through the bone marrow, they affect the blood and be a cause of leukemia or bone cancer.
• Tritium - Half-life 12,3 years but it requires 245 years to decay completely since the decaying period corresponds to 20 times the halving period of its radioactivity. Biological half-life 4days; 10 days in the gonads; may reach 100 days in some tissues. It emits beta radiation. A natural product of the atmospheric interaction with the cosmic rays, with other ionizing particles it contributes to modify the atmospheric environment. It diffuses rapidly in all the tissues of the organism through the skin and through respiratory channels. It diffuses particularly in the gonads and oocytes and it may cause mutation and cancers.
• Uranium 235 and 238 - Half-life respectively 710,000,000 and 4,500,000,000 years. Biological half-life 15 - 100 days. Emit alpha radiation and acts of the bones, kidneys and lungs.
• Xenon 131 (Gaseous) - It decays completely in 240 days. It has a tendency to accumulate in fat tissues.
• Zinc 65 - Half-life 245 days. Biological half-life 13 - 200 days. Emits beta and gamma radiation. It acts on the liver and lungs and may alto cause mutation effects. Not always a fission's product, it may originate also from the material encapsulating the nuclear weapon.